Cartographic design of thematic polygons : a comparison using eye-movement metrics analysis

Map design research has strongly come into the agenda with the extensive use of GIS and maps in geoportals. Geoportals are used to find, access and display geographic data via the Internet. Novel opportunities and techniques for displaying geographic data in viewing services also introduce new challenges and issues in cartographic design. Specifically, thematic polygon layers (foreground) will obscure information in the background. Also, discriminating extents and locations of thematic polygon layers, that overlap each other is an issue. The aim of this thesis is to compare different cartographic design principles for thematic polygons and to utilize the eye-tracking methodology for solving cartographic design problems. Those suggestions are supported by empirical data collected from eye-movement metrics from subjects who performed inference tasks using maps of restriction areas. In this study, 32 participants with knowledge in cartography/geography/GIS were asked to solve practical map reading tasks in a controlled experiment. Cartographic design can be studied with eye-tracking, which is a commonly utilized method to study visual search problems and provide design guidelines to improve usability. To compare different cartographic design principles for polygon objects in a geoportal, four design techniques (boundary lines, transparency, hatches and icons) were empirically tested on 16 physical map areas, with two tasks (polygon identification and background search). These designs are provided by a Swedish standardization project in web cartography (SIS/TK570). Empirical results show that to interpret the extent of the polygon on the conditions created in this study, the hatches design gave better results. As the hatches had the shortest scan path, one could interpret that this design was good for this particular map task solving experiment. Also, the hatches had the shortest fixation duration, thus meaning the design was good for this particular task. Furthermore, since the fixation count was smallest with the hatches design, one could assume that this map stimuli or layout was easily interpreted. When comparing the results between tasks, it is evident that during the polygon identification task the hatches work way better than other designs. But during the background search task, the difference between designs is smaller, except for fixation count. Thus, from the results of the background search task, it is evident that the hatches are obscuring the background map, hiding important information. Based on the analysis of the four designs one can state that to improve design techniques for polygons that are on top of each other and on top of the background map would be a design that includes elements from various designs. It is important that geoportals enable various design properties to manipulate by the users and more than one default design option, because all tasks can’t be solved with the same design. Eye-tracking offers additional information, more than just reaction time and correctness of answers. From the eye-movement data it is possible to conclude why the reaction time and quality of inference are different between designs. Disadvantages are that the experiment design and artificial task design are far from the real task solving situation and the results are only effective in laboratory circumstances. The amount of studies that are using this method has increased, specifically studies that seek empirical evidence for better design techniques. The results can be generalized for similar thematic polygons and map reading tasks as used in this study.Map design makes a difference Geographic data are used by broad audiences for solving many difficult problems. Access to geographic data is mainly by maps, which are visual interfaces to information stored in spatial databases. Geoportals are used to find, access and display geographic data in viewing services, via the Internet. Novel opportunities and techniques for displaying geographic data in viewing services also introduce new challenges and issues. From this aspect, geoportals differ from common map products by the lack of a cartographer, who selects and optimizes data presentations and design according to the map purpose. Cartographic design can be studied with eye-tracking, which is a commonly utilized method to study visual search problems and provide design guidelines to improve usability. Cartographic designs can be compared by using an eye-tracking methodology, an eye-tracking experiment, to find designs that work better. Previous studies introduce new methods that help to solve challenges and issues with cartographic design, but none of these have explicitly studied thematic polygon layer design. Specifically, if thematic layers hide information in the background map and to see the extent and location of the polygon layer, that overlap each other. These affect the readability and usability of the geographic data viewed in maps and geoportals. This is important because many EU countries are now setting up the geoportals. Swedish Standardization Agency coordinates an ongoing (2015) project in web cartography (SIS/TK 570) which among others, include design recommendations for thematic polygons. To verify the best design principles in geoportals empirical evidence are needed. Furthermore, perceiving information efficiently and effectively is risen into the research agenda because graphical environments are turning more complex and hard to understand. In this study, 32 participants with knowledge in cartography/geography/GIS were asked to solve practical map reading tasks in a controlled experiment. To compare different cartographic design principles for polygon objects, four design techniques (boundary lines, transparency, hatches and icons) were empirically tested on 16 physical map areas. Empirical results show that to interpret the extent of the polygon, the hatches design gave better results. As the hatches had the shortest scan path, fixation duration and fixation count, one could assume that this map design was easily was good and easily interpreted. Based on the analysis, a design that includes elements from various designs would be a good improvement. For example, when including likeability of the transparency (to make readers like the map more), overall usage of borders and overall best performance for the hatches design, optimal design combination for geoportals can be recommended. Eye-tracking offers additional information, more than just reaction time and correctness of answers. From the eye-movement data it is possible to conclude why the reaction time and quality of inference are different between designs. The results can be generalized for similar thematic polygons and map reading tasks as used in this study. Official title: Cartographic design of thematic polygons: a comparison using eye-movement metrics analysi

Pengaruh Bahan Mikroorganisme Lokal (MOL) dan Frekuensi Pemberiannya terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Kedelai

Kedelai (Glycine max L. Meriil) adalah salah satu komoditas utama dari jenis kacang-kacangan di Indonesia karena merupakan sumber protein nabati penting. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui jenis MOL (microorganisme lokal) dan frekuensi penyiraman MOL yang tepat bagi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kacang kedelai (Glycine max L. Meriil.). Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), dengan faktor pertama: jenis MOL (M) yaitu MOL bonggol pisang (M1) dan MOL rebung bambu (M2). Faktor kedua adalah frekuensi penyiraman MOL (F) yaitu 1 minggu sekali (F1), 2 minggu sekali (F2), 3 minggu sekali (F3) dan tambah kontrol. Setiap kombinasi diulang sebanyak 3 kali sehingga terdapat 21 perlakuan percobaan. Hasil sidik ragam Anova menunjukkan bahwa terjadi interaksi antara perlakuan jenis MOL bonggol pisang dengan frekuensi penyiraman 2 kali pada parameter pengamatan diameter batang dan berat segar brangkasan. MOL bonggol pisang dan frekuensi penyiraman 3 kali seminggu memberikan pengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman. MOL bonggol pisang juga meningkatkan meningkatkan, jumlah daun, berat kering brangkasan, jumlah biji per tanaman, jumlah biji per polong, berat kering biji per pertanaman, berat kering biji per petak, berat 100 biji dan indeks panen. Kata kunci: bobot biji, bonggol pisang, indeks panen, rebung bamb

Cartographic Design Matters : A Comparison of Thematic Polygon Design

The number of web services providing cartographic data is increasing. A main challenge is to enable a user to combine these services, not only from a technical perspective, but also from a cartographic one. One common use case for these services is to create mashups based on thematic polygons on top of background maps. In this study we compare four cartographic designs of thematic polygons: only boundaries, transparencies, hatches and icons. The aim of the comparison is to investigate whether the designs are good for identifying the extent of the polygons and if the design disturbs the reading of the background map. The comparison is based on an eye-tracking study, where 24 participants performed polygon identification tasks as well as background search tasks. The study revealed that hatches were more efficient than the other designs for polygon identification. Hatches had significantly shorter total fixation times as well as scanpath lengths, possibly since the participants were able to identify the extent of the polygon solely based on the interior (i.e. the hatches), while for the other designs the participants were extensively reliant on the boundaries. However, the results also indicate that the hatches design disturbs the reading of the background map more than the other designs; hatches also appear visually unpleasant for many users. Since each design had its strengths and weaknesses, we recommend producers of services for thematic data to provide several designs so users can select an appropriate design for their own use cases